En el año 532 Justiniano, emperador romano de Oriente, decide ampliar su programa de construcción de nuevas iglesias cristianas en la más importante ciudad de su Imperio, Constantinopla, con el levantamiento de una nueva basílica, a la que resolvió dar el nombre de Santa Sofía. A tal efecto, hizo venir hasta la capital, para que llevasen a cabo el proyecto y la dirección de la construcción, a dos griegos de Asia Menor, Antemio de Tralles e Isidoro de Mileto, quienes en un plazo algo inferior a los seis años lograron completar un edificio caracterizado de una parte por la monumentalidad de sus dimensiones, basadas sin embargo en un exquisito sentido de la proporción; y de otra parte, por suponer una perfecta síntesis entre las tradiciones artísticas occidentales y las orientales.


Todo lo anterior demuestra ya con creces los profundos conocimientos científicos y la pericia arquitectónica de quienes levantaron la basílica de Santa Sofía, que queda confirmada igualmente cuando contemplamos los detalles del interior. El espectador no tiene ante sí ningún obstáculo visual que le impida disfrutar del conjunto en toda su longitud, de la belleza de la amplia nave central, dado que todo el sistema de empujes de la cúpula se resuelve sobre las naves laterales y los extremos de la principal. Además, un interesante sistema de iluminación natural completa el efecto de asombro buscado por los arquitectos. Destaca en este sentido la disposición de una serie de 40 ventanas en el mismo tambor de la cúpula, como si de un anillo de luz estuviésemos hablando.
Por otra parte, en toda la construcción el material básico empleado fue el ladrillo, revestido de mármol en las zonas más visibles, como los zócalos, mientras que las cúpulas y los ábsides fueron recubiertos prácticamente por completo por mosaicos o pintura mural. Puede afirmarse que Justiniano no ahorró coste alguno para dotar a la iglesia de la grandeza que correspondía al templo principal del Imperio Bizantino. Además, la iglesia se completaba originariamente con dos atrios dispuestos uno a cada lado del edificio; en la actualidad se conserva sólo uno de ellos, que funciona con nártex del templo. En él se conserva todavía el primitivo baptisterio cristiano, con una enorme pila bautismal del siglo VI.
Es sabido que tras la conquista de la ciudad por los turcos en 1452 Santa Sofía fue inmediatamente convertida en mezquita, lo que demandó realizar algunas actuaciones urgentes (como la ocultación de los rostros ubicados en pinturas y mosaicos). Con el tiempo, además, fueron añadiéndose algunos otros elementos que desvirtúan en cierto sentido su concepción original, como los enormes contrafuertes externos o los diversos minaretes. Finalmente, en los últimos diecisiete años, el templo (ahora islámico) ha sido sometido a un amplio proceso de restauración, rematado precisamente en estos días. Nos parece un buen motivo para felicitar a los lectores el nuevo año 2011.
Sobre esta imponente basílica es completísima la información que se recoge en la Wikipedia... en inglés. Aquí tenéis, por otro lado, un plano interactivo de la planta del templo, también en inglés..
56 comentarios:
Bienvenido de nuevo, ya teníamos muchas ganas de leerte por aquí. Imponente la basílica e imponente artículo, como siempre. Yo un día estuve bajo la cúpula y me acordé mucho de ti.
Un beso desde la cúpula de Amaniel,
Ko-yo-san
Querida Koyosan: la basílica sí que es imponente. El texto sólo trata de describirla. Por cierto, espero visitar la cúpula de Amaniel en no demasiado tiempo, si todo va bien. Un fuerte abrazo.
Estoy seguro de que lo harás ( lo de la cúpula, eh ? ).
Tan sólo te deseo una cosa para este nuevo año:
Salud
Un abrazo
José María
Ojalá tengas razón, José María. Saludos muy cordiales y feliz año 2011. JDC
muy interesante el articulo, mi enhorabuena sigue asi
la cúpula de santa sofía no tiene tambor verdad? de ahí su originalidad al estar sosstenida por 4 pilares sobre pechinas y no con tambor
osju, yo no me entero tengo una duda:
que función tienen las semicúpulas y las pechinas?
por favor responder! que tengo que aser un trabajo para mañanaaaa :O
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